![]() Strong internal and external luminescence as solar cells approach the Shockley–Queisser limit. This article provides analytical expressions for the fundamental losses in solar cells. ![]() Optical gaps of organic solar cells as a reference for comparing voltage losses. This study introduces the concept of determining the photovoltaic gap of a solar cell from the EQE of the cell. Efficiency potential of photovoltaic materials and devices unveiled by detailed-balance analysis. Updated assessment of possibilities and limits for solar cells. This study introduces operational loss as a parameter for the comparison and analysis of solar cell technologies. Assessing possibilities and limits for solar cells. Detailed balance limit of efficiency of p–n junction solar cells. This knowledge transfer is timely, as the development of metal halide perovskites is helping to unite previously disparate, technology-focused strands of PV research. Although accurate or revolutionary developments cannot be predicted, cross-fertilization between technologies often occurs, making achievements in one cell type an indicator of evolutionary developments in others. By comparing PV cell parameters across technologies, we appraise how far each technology may progress in the near future. In addition to power conversion efficiencies, we consider many of the factors that affect power output for each cell type and note improvements in control over the optoelectronic quality of PV-relevant materials and interfaces and the discovery of new material properties. In addition, we analyse the PV developments of the more recently emerged lead halide perovskites together with notable improvements in sustainable chalcogenides, organic PVs and quantum dots technologies. Here, we analyse the progress in cells and modules based on single-crystalline GaAs, Si, GaInP and InP, multicrystalline Si as well as thin films of polycrystalline CdTe and CuIn xGa 1− xSe 2. In a computer chip, applying a small voltage is enough to flip silicon’s state between conducting and insulating, producing the binary 1s and 0s of digital information.The remarkable development in photovoltaic (PV) technologies over the past 5 years calls for a renewed assessment of their performance and potential for future progress. Silicon belongs to the semiconductor family of materials, whose ability to carry an electric current lies somewhere between that of a metallic conductor and an insulator. Ordinary silicon, imbued with certain superpowers, might be able to replace itself. Many elements and compounds have been proposed over the years, but it is starting to look like the solution might be closer to home. If electronic devices are to get faster, cheaper and more compact at the rate we’ve come to expect, silicon as we know it needs to be shown the door. And that holds back computer processing speeds and the efficiency of solar panels. Crucially, silicon’s atomic structure limits its ability to conduct electricity. But its status owes more to the fact that it is the second most abundant element on the planet than to its performance. Silicon is in such demand that you’d be forgiven for thinking its position at the top of the pile was untouchable. And the solar industry relies on vast quantities of silicon to make the photovoltaic cells that convert light into electricity. Chips made from it run everything from smartphones to pacemakers, with some 6.5 million square metres of the stuff rolled out every year. Today’s connected society would be impossible without silicon. IT’S a material so good they named a valley after it.
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